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Ayyavazhi

Ayyavazhi

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Part of the series of articles on
Ayyavazhi
Ayyavazhi Theology

Ekam
Vethan • Thirumal • Sivan
Vaikundar • The Trinity
Scriptures
Akilathirattu Ammanai

Akilam one • Akilam two
Akilam three • Akilam four
Akilam five • Akilam six
Akilam seven • Akilam eight
Akilam nine • Akilam ten
Akilam eleven • Akilam twelve
Akilam thirteen • Akilam fourteen
Akilam fifteen • Akilam sixteen
Akilam seventeen
Arul Nool

Ukappadippu • Uccippadippu
Nadutheervai Ula • Pothippu
Saattu Neettolai • Patthiram
Panchadevar Urppatthi
Sivakanta Athikarappatthiram
Thingal patham
Kannimar Padal • Kalyana Vazhthu
Worship centers

Pancha pathi

Swamithope pathi • Ambala Pathi
Mutta Pathi • Thamaraikulam Pathi
Poo Pathi
Pathis

Vakaippathi • Avatharappathi
Primary Thangals

Chettikudiyiruppu • Agastheeswaram
Paloor • Sundavilai
Vadalivilai • Kadambankulam
Pambankulam
Related Systems

Hinduism
Advaita • Smartism
Inter-faith

Ayyavazhi and Hinduism
Ayyavazhi in Christian reports

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Ayyavazhi (IPA: [aia:vərɪ])(Tamil:அய்யாவழி Ayyavali[1] -"Path of the father") is a dharmic belief system[2] that originated in South India in the 19th century.[3] It is conceived as a monistic[4] religion,[5][6] although in Indian censuses and in government surveys the majority of its followers declare their religion to be Hinduism,[7] so it is also considered to be a Hindu sect.[8] Although the religion is strongly related to Hinduism, its theologians,[9] several newspapers,[10][11][12][13][5][6][14] magazines,[15] and some academics[16][3] consider it a separate religion. Certain groups outside Ayyavazhi also recognize it as a separate religion, including some social,[17] as well as religious,[18][19][20] faculties.

Though Ayyavazhi followers are spread across India,[21][22][23] they are primarily present in South India[24] and highly concentrated in Tamil Nadu[25][26][27][28][29] and Kerala.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The number of practitioners is estimated to be between 700,000[36][37][38] and 8 million,[39][40] although the exact number is unknown, since Ayyavazhis are reported as Hindus during censuses. [41][42] Ayyavazhi's fast growth in its first century was noted by Christian missionaries in the mid-19th century.[43] Vaikundar's activities, and the gathering of a large crowd of followers, created a reformation and revolution in 19th century Travancore[44] and Tamil Society[45] and surprised the feudal social system then in place in South India.[46]

Ayyavazhi is centered on Ayya Vaikundar's life and teachings, and its ideas and philosophy are based on the holy texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. According to these, Ayya Vaikundar was the Manu avatar of Trimurthi. Although Ayyavazhi shares many ideas with Hinduism in its mythology and practice, it also differs considerably, especially in its concepts of "Good vs Evil", Dharma etc.[47]

Ayyavazhi first came to public attention in the 19th century as a Hindu sect.[48] On the one hand, it shares many ideas with Hinduism, while on the other, it regenerates several concepts found in Hinduism. Those who consider Ayyavazhi a separate religion classify it as a Dharmic religion because of its centrality on Dharma,[49] though the ultimate aim of Ayyavazhi dharma lies on an ideal Dharma Yukam which has been compared to Abrahamic ideas on heaven.[50]

Contents

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[edit] Etymology

The Palliyarai of Swamithoppe pathi.
The Palliyarai of Swamithoppe pathi.

The exact origin of the name Ayyavazhi is not known, though there are many views on the subject, and many different implications in the phrase. The various theories on its derivation include:

  • Ayya's path - from the direct synonymous derivation, which takes Ayya as a noun (naming word) of Ayya Vaikundar.[51]
  • Path of Father - from the local spoken-Tamil language Ayya (father) + vazhi (path). This meaning, derived from Tamil, is most commonly used as 'ayya', and means 'dear father'.[52]
  • The ultimate truth of Master[53] - from Tamil Ayya (Master) + vazhi (the ultimate truth) is derived from the literary usage of the words.
  • Religious system of Guru - from Tamil Ayya as (Guru) + vazhi (religious system - vazhibadu in Tamil).
  • Way of attaining the sacred feet of God - Ayya as (God) + vazhi (way to unify)[2]

The synonymous versions of the phrase are virtually unlimited, because the usage of the word 'Ayya' in Tamil varies widely. It is used to convey the words father, guru, the superior, a person of dignity, respectable one, master, the king, the teacher, preceptor, etc. The word 'vazhi' in Tamil can mean the way, a course of conduct, manner, method, mode, cause, antiquity, succession, religious system, reason, and so on.

[edit] Beliefs

Followers of Ayyavazhi believe in reincarnation and the following Dharma Yukam, which is the eighth and final yukam, in which Ayya Vaikundar will rule the world with the Santror.[54] However, they condemn the Indian caste system.[55] They also reject the use of standard Hindu murti in worship. However, as a point of focus, a non-anthropomorphic symbol had been introduced to be used as a point of devotional and meditational focus.[56] This symbol, the Elunetru, which is placed in the Palliyarai, is considered a seat of God rather than God himself. The same is true of the Elunetru's alternative name, Asanam, which means "seat." Behind this asana, a mirror is installed to reflect the worshipper[57] which implies, "God is yourself (or) God is within you"[58][59] suggesting an idea about God similar to Advaita theology.

The three Kumbas mounted above the roof of the Sanctum sanctorium of Swamithope pathi, symbolizing the existence of Trinity within Narayana who incarnated as Vaikundar
The three Kumbas mounted above the roof of the Sanctum sanctorium of Swamithope pathi, symbolizing the existence of Trinity within Narayana who incarnated as Vaikundar

Ayyavazhi beliefs are closely related to those of Smartism and Advaita Vedanta, especially in the beliefs related to Trimurthi. Hence, Ayyavazhi's followers believe that Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva are different aspects of the same God.[60] While some claim that the beliefs of Akilattirattu are related to Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita, Ayyavazhi endorses the concept of Ultimate Oneness.[61]

Followers of Ayyavazhi differ from other Hindus in that they recognize a Satan-like figure, Kroni, who is the primordial manifestation of evil and who manifests in various forms, (for example, Ravana and Duryodhana) in different ages or yugas. God, as Vishnu, becomes incarnate in his avatars, including Rama, Krishna and eventually Ayya Vaikundar, to destroy the foremost evil.[62]

Kali, the evil spirit of Kali Yuga, is said to be omnipresent in this age and this is one of the reasons why the followers of Ayyavazhi, like other Hindus, believe that the current yuga, Kali Yuga, is decadent. This evil spirit is been destroyed by Vaikundar and transform the world to Dharma Yukam the 'world of rightiousness'[63]

Charity is Ayyavazhi's primary mission and Anna Dharmam (offerings of food) can be seen in Ayyavazhi centres of worship at least once a month.[64]

[edit] Teachings and Impact

Main article: Main teachings of Ayyavazhi

While the majority of Ayyavazhi's key teachings can be found in the book Akilattirattu Ammanai, other teachings are collated from various books believed to be written by the disciples whose works feature in the Arul Nool. Like Dharma, the other teachings of Ayyavazhi are twofold, sociological and mystical. Social teachings are primarily concerned with eliminating inequality and discrimination in society, while the mystical teachings are devoted to revealing divine knowledge. The teachings encourage a close relationship with God, rather than one of fear. Followers are encouraged to refer God as Ayya, "dear father", and thus to strengthen their intimacy and affection towards God.[65]

Ayyavazhi on its social teachings clearly and explicitly condemns the caste system.[66] It also served from its beginning as an institution for social reform, particularly in the area of Travancore. Travancore was noted for its unusually strong caste system culture.[67]There, in addition to the untouchables which is to be found throughout India, they also had groups of people who were regarded as the "unapproachable" and "unseeable".[68][69] In this social contest, the intermingling of the castes brought about in Ayyavazhi centres was one of the vital elements in the transformation of that society.[70]

Swamithoppe Pathi, religious headquarters of Ayyavazhi.
Swamithoppe Pathi, religious headquarters of Ayyavazhi.

From the beginning, Ayyavazhi has also taken strong stands against political oppression. This is perhaps most clearly indicated in the characterizations of the Thiruvithkanur king as Kalineesan, (one who is caught hold by Kali) and of the British as Venneesan (the white neesan) sociologically.[71][72]Sociologically speaking, Ayya Vaikundar was the first[73] to succeed as a social reformer[74] in launching political struggle and social renaissance combainingly[75] in the country.[76] Also, Ayyavazhi has from the beginning displayed sympathy for the laboring classes, and opposition to the often excessive taxes they were forced to pay.[77] In fact, three full pages of the Akilattirattu Ammanai are devoted to the issue. This includes a verse saying "Whoever makes an earning, let him rule over it and no one need be lightened of another.[78] In addition it also created many social changes in then southern India impinging the society highly so that several social and Self-respect movements broke out such as Upper cloth agitation, Temple entry agitation and movements of Narayana Guru and that of Ayyankali etc.[79]

Ayyavazhi mystics highly focus on supreme oneness.[80] In the midst of all variations the theology always maintains this oneness sharply. And the teachings goes that, the evil of Kali is the one which blocks that ultimate or supreme oneness prevailing between individual souls and the universe, and gives an individuality and extreme pride to each souls and make them departing from the quality of the supreme oneness and motivating against it.[81] The 'over-soul' or the supreme soul, Ekam is termed as the whole existence with change less nature, which is viewed by individual souls as, 'one which undergoes different changes with respect to 'space and time' because of the evil force, maya influencing them.[82]

All creations are evolved from this Ekam, the supreme consciousness.[83] So all the qualities of Ekam are within each souls, which evolved from it. So individual souls are related to Ekam, the universal consciousness. It also says that every souls as reflections or mirrors of this supreme and absolute, Ekam.[84] This is the spiritual meaning of the mirror worship in Ayyavazhi. So far human and all other souls are restricted to the limits of the evil Kali, individual souls are not eligible to attain the supreme bliss and so this souls are considered secondary to Ekam the supreme soul. Once a soul overcome the influence of maya it gets unified with Ekam. Its individuality is no more and thereby it's Ekam.[85] On the other hand this supreme consciousness is termed as Paramatma (over-soul). By this personification, God is the taught to be the 'Husband' while all other souls are his consorts.[86] The Thirukkalyana Ekanai in Akilam fifteen symbolises this clearly as if God (Ekam) is marrying or unifying into himself the individual souls.[86]

Also, the philosophy applies a common formula for the creationism of human beings and the rest of the universe, so whatever exists externally to human beings exists also internally.[87]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Ayyavazhi
East entrance of the historical, Swamithope pathi
East entrance of the historical, Swamithope pathi

Ayyavazhi began to be noticed initially by the large number of people gathering to worship Ayya Vaikundar at Swamithoppe, the then poovandanthoppe. The Thuvayal thavasu which was conducted in 1840 is considered as the period of origin of Ayyavazhi as an alternative religio-cultural phenomena.[88] The majority of the followers of Ayyavazhi were from the marginalised and poor sections of the society.[89] They began to function as a distinct and autonomous society and gradually, they identifyied their path with the phrase 'Ayya vazhi'.[90]For the Christian missionaries it posed a great challenge in their proselytising mission from its inception.[89] Although the majority of these followers were from the Chanar cast, some external sources too states that a large number of people from other castes also followed it.[91]

By the middle of nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi had come to be recognised as a separate religion, deep rooted in the region of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli.[92] The growth in its number of followers had increased significantly from 1840s.[89] Around the closure of the third quarter of the 19th century Swamithope began to be considered as the headquarters of Ayyavazhi.[93] After the death of Vaikundar, Ayyavazhi was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. The five Citars, who were the disciples of Ayya Vaikundar, and their descendants travelled to several parts of the country and carried the mission of Ayyavazhi.[94] Meanwhile the Payyan dynasty started administration of Swamithoppe pathi,[95] while other Pathis came under the administration of the followers of Ayya.[96] Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country.[97]

Currently Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, one of descendant of Payyan dynasty is considered as the leader of Ayyavazhi.[98] He has laid foundations for a large number of Nizhal Thangals through out South India.[99] And now considering the growth of the religion the day of incarnation of Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram was declared as a holiday by the government for the districts of Tirunelveli[100] and Tuticorin from the year 2006,[101][102] while the district of Kanyakumari was announced as a holiday from 1994.[103]

See also: Timeline of Ayyavazhi history

[edit] Scriptures and holy places

Main article: Ayyavazhi holy sites
A eleventh impression Akilam of Pala Ramachandran Version
A eleventh impression Akilam of Pala Ramachandran Version

The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai (often called as Akilam)[104] and the Arul Nool, and they are the source of the religion's mythology. The internal evidence states that the Akilattirattu Ammanai was written down by Hari Gopalan Citar[105] by hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his consort Lakshmi.[106] The secondary scripture Arul Nool was a composed one which includes various books which are believed to be written by Citars and Arulalarkal (one who get possessed by divine power).[107] It contains the prayers, hymns and instructions for the way of worship in Ayyavazhi, rituals, prophesies and also many acts.[107] But there is no definite history for it. All these texts are compiled in Tamil language.[108]

To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are five holy places, called Pathis, with "Panchappathis" being the most important.[109] The temple of Swamithoppepathi is the headquarters of the Ayyavazhi religion.[110] The Vakaippathi, where 700 families were sent to Thuvayal Thavasu by Vaikundar was accredited as a Pathi in Akilam although this site has no direct association with the activities of Vaikundar.[111]

There is a serious disagreement within the followers of Ayyavazhi as to the holiness of some of the places of worship. The Avatharappathi in Thiruchendur was accepted by the book Akilam as a Pathi. Akilam refers to it as 'Chenthur Pathi' . But as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the rest of the devotees. There are also some followers which strongly object Thiruchendur as a Pathi though they accept it as a secondary holy site. The list of Pathis announced by the headquarters of Ayyavazhi does not include Avatharappathi.[112] Also, an attempt is made to kill Vaikundar at Marunthuvazh Malai by adding poison to milk.[113] More over, Ayya Vaikundar is said to be penanced here. So the Marunthuvazh Malai (Vaikunda Pathi) is also considered as a Pathi.[114][115]

See also: Pancha pathi, Akilattirattu Ammanai, and Arul Nool

[edit] Symbolism

The Sahasrara, symbolised in Ayyavazhi as 'Lotus carrying Namam'
The Sahasrara, symbolised in Ayyavazhi as 'Lotus carrying Namam'

The symbol of the Ayyavazhi religion is a lotus carrying a flame-shaped white 'Namam'.[116] The lotus represents the 1,008-petalled Sahasrara (in Tamil, Ladam) and the Namam represents the Aanma Jyothi or atman, sometimes translated as "soul" or "self".[116] There are reference for Thirunamam in both primary and secondary scriptures, Akilattirattu Ammanai[117] and Arul Nool.[118] Though the overall consideration of the whole contents of Akilam focus the concept derived from the symbol, 'Lotus carrying Namam' it seems that there is no direct reference for it, there in the scriptures. But according to some legends this symbol was in use in Ayyavazhi from the early forties of the twentieth century.[119]

Since the Sahasrara is symbolised as Lotus, no stem is drawn while designing art of the symbol. Seven(up) + seven(down) petals are used commonly. Also a new way of architecture is been developed in constructing Nizhal Thangals in which the inverted Lotus petals (as in sahasrara) is used as a design over the roof.[120]

The sahasrara ('1008 petal' arrangement) used as roof-architecture in a Thangal near Thiruvattar, Tamil Nadu.
The sahasrara ('1008 petal' arrangement) used as roof-architecture in a Thangal near Thiruvattar, Tamil Nadu.

The mythical narration of akilam about the eight yugas is often viewed philosophically as eight chakras.[121] The first Neetiya Yukam as Bindu and the final state of absolute bliss, Sahasrara is said to be the Dharma Yukam. In this series the, energy of consciousness of oneself is to raised from Bindu (Neetiya Yukam) to the final Sahasrara (Dharma Yukam) to experience the absolute 'bliss'.[122] The reigning power in the final Dharma Yukam(Sahasrara) is Ekam or the supreme absolute.[116] and so, the Ayyavazhi's symbol seems to be derived from Akilam. And the symbol of Ayyavazhi, 'Lotus with Namam' shows it; Vaikundar is been experienced in Sahasrara.

As per Hindu legends this Sahasrara chakra has '1000 petals' .[123] But in Ayyavazhi symbolism it was considered as 1008. In Akilam or Arul Nool there are no verse to treat this term '1000' but quiet commonly the number '1008' is mentioned. Also the year of incarnation of Vaikundar is 1008 M.E. On backing these scriptural backgrounds, 1008 petal arrangement is followed in Ayyavazhi symbolism.[121]

See also: Thirunamam

[edit] Worship centres

Main article: Worship centers of Ayyavazhi

The followers of Ayyavazhi established Pathis and Nizhal Thangals, which are centres of worship and religious learning in different parts of the country.[124] They served as centres for propagation of the beliefs and practices of Ayyavazhi.[124] There are thousands of Nizhal Thangals[125][126] throughout India[127][128] mostly in South India.[129] As per another statistics there are more than 8000 worship centres in Tamil Nadu and Kerala alone.[130] Since Ayyavazhi is not an organised religion, Swamithoppepathi serves, religiously as the headquarters of all. Generally speaking, the Pathis earns more importance among the worship centres.[124]

A Nizhal Thangal near Marthandam, Tamil Nadu.
A Nizhal Thangal near Marthandam, Tamil Nadu.

Pathis were the important centres of congregational worship, being relatively bigger structures. They obtain their significance from the fact that Ayya Vaikundar and his activities were historically associated with these centres of worship.[124] They are seven in number.[108] Since Ayyavazhi is not an organised religion the Swamithope pathi though considered as religious head-quarters, it officially does not control the rest of the religious centres. All Pathis, except Swamithope pathi are managed by independently formed village or other committees.[131]

Nizhal Thangals, compared to Pathis generally were simple small structures built for the purpose of worship and for learning the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar. They served also as centres of education during the early days.[132] Food and shelter were offered to the needy in these centres.[133] Some of them were established when Vaikundar was alive.[134] Even now charity is one of the main activities conducted in these centres.[135] The LMS Reports of the mid-nineteenth century too speaks in abundance about Nizhal Thangals.

These centres are considered abode of Dharma. The Nizhal Thangals formed an important institution in the socio-religious life of the people of Ayyavazhi.

See also: Pathi and Nizhal Thangal

[edit] Religiosity — Study circle

It is difficult to give a clear-cut listing to Ayyavazhi concepts because of the relation the Ayyavazhi scriptures maintains with the Hindu scriptures. On one hand Akilam outputs a view that the central themes of the previous scriptures are churned-out and are assembled in it and on the other hand is says that Kaliyan destroy the vedas and Shastras and also performed several additions to the previous scriptures at the beginning of Kali Yuga and hence the Akilam is given to mankind.[136] These both view points give the view of Akilam on Hindu Scriptures, and place them as reasons for rejecting them.

The Holy Symbol of Ayyavazhi Tradition
The Holy Symbol of Ayyavazhi Tradition

Many of the deep-thinkable philosophical concepts are merely mentioned with their names in Akilam and the describtion is left to be found from somewhere so, it is unavoidable to refer Hindu scriptures for undergoing a religious study on Ayyavazhi theology.[137]

The 96 properties of Human body, Tatvas is just mentioned in Akilam while saying about the qualities and features of Kaliyan.[138] It is essential to understand each and every one of the 96 tatvas to understand about Kaliyan. But since Akilam have no different view in this matter from Hindu scriptures, it was left to be gathered from there.

Generally it was considered that, once a particular concept is not found well-described in Ayyavazhi scriptures such as Akilattirattu Ammanai or Arul Nool, (as detail as in Hindu scriptures) and instead simply have quoted and the rest is left to be found from there, then that particular conception is accepted as in Hindu scriptures for religious studies. But when the idea of a particular notion of Akilam differs very much from Hindu scriptures, that particular thing is deeply described.[139]

[edit] Ethics

Main article: Ayyavazhi ethics

The 'ethics of Ayyavazhi' are found throughout the primary scripture, Akilattirattu Ammanai.[140] They are also integrated with the meta-narrative mythography. However, regarding ethics, some parts in Arul Nool is considered as an accumulation and prophecy of the core concepts found in Akilam.[141] In Akilam, the ethical abstracts are pointed out as "told by God" at several places at different situations to lesser god-heads, devas, saints etc. when asked by them.

The Flagmast of Swamithoppe with Ayyavazhi symbol at the top
The Flagmast of Swamithoppe with Ayyavazhi symbol at the top

Neetham is the primary virtues of Ayyavazhi religion. This shows separately that how the society, its people, the ruling king, etc., lived in absolute harmony with nature, placing the power of almighty in all their works deeds and activities, during early ages. And in turn how the nature and the divine beings protects the society which follows the Neetham. This Neetham is found in Akilam as saying how the people of early age lived in detail. Chastity and 'life in ultimate union with nature' form the central theme in Neetham. It was derived from there as an ethical form that is to be followed. As in Akilam, Vinchai is the rules and regulations provided by God (Narayana) to Vaikundar. Three such Vinchais are there. Though this was found as regulations provided by the Father, Narayana to the Son Vaikundar, it was considered that many of the acts found there fits also to humans and to be followed by human to improve their moral code. The first Vinchai of Tiruchendur forms the largest ethical accumulation found in Akilam.[140] To an extend, the Dharmic teachings in Ayyavazhi are also considered as ethics. Charity in sociology and 'attempting to realizing the ultimate truth of oneness' in spiritual are the ethical codes under Dharmic teachings. Akilam also gives separate ethics for Devas also. Also it is notable that the Ayyavazhi ethics undergo a vast deviation from the incarnation of Vaikundar since an universal change took place then. Over all, as the foremost ethical code, people are advocated to overcome the evil force kalimayai, with the weapon of love, forbearance and peace since kali as maya, is ruling the minds of people.

Arul Nool constitutes the major role in forming the rules and regulations of Ayyavazhi including ethics. It gives separately the social as well as divine ethics. It was believed that many portions of Arul Nool are lost. The Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram here is the section specially dedicated to teach the ethics. The rituals, especially circumambulations are told to be followed to wash-out the sin committed related to immoral thinkings.

See also: Ayyavazhi Dharma, Neetham, and Vinchai to Vaikundar

[edit] Santror - The Subjects

Main article: The Santror
Palmyra, the tree cursed to provide celestial nectar in the form of Palm-juice for Santror until the closure of Kaliyuga.
Palmyra, the tree cursed to provide celestial nectar in the form of Palm-juice for Santror until the closure of Kaliyuga.

The Santror are the seven boys who were made to born by using the seven seeds from seven upper worlds, by Thirumal, to the Seven virgins through their instrumentality, according to Ayyavazhi mythology. They were born in the Ayodha Amirtha Vanam. Their lineage to be started at the end phase of Dharma Yukam and continued through the Kali Yukam. In ideological sense it additionally represents one who lives with dignity. But in turn, the Santror are the subject of the religious vision of Ayyavazhi.[142]

There is both a religious and a social category in its connotation.[143] Today most of the followers emphasise more on the religious dimension of this category than the social.[144] They give it an inclusive character and universal reach to mean anyone who is noble,[145] as the literal meaning of the Tamil word would have it, and anyone who believes in the vision of Ayyavazhi. However, the concept, as it occurs in Akilattirattu Ammanai is more specific, with a considerable importance attached to the social dimension of it, without, however, ruling out a space for universal connotation.[143] In its specific and social reference, it refers Chanar (those who have the ability to see 'the invisible' constantly).[143]

Since The Santror was mentioned as the first inhabitants of the Kali Yukam in Akilam, this view rightly fit to the early 'Chanars' who were called by the Arabs as "Al Hind", and known in Biblical times as the "People of Five Rivers", and now scattered with more than 250 branches through-out the world.[146]

The roll of Santror in Kali Yukam is to assist and to follow Vaikundar on destroying the evil force of Kali. It is believed that Kali is being destroyed continuously by the activities of the Santror in the Path of Vaikundar, and so the Dharma Yukam unfolds eventually.

[edit] God

Main article: Ayyavazhi theology

The theology of Ayyavazhi differs from other monistic religions.[147] It speaks of Ekam, the ultimate Oneness from which all that which exists formed. It also speaks of an oneness that exists behind all differences. The Ekam itself is remaining unaffected by maya deep inside every changeable matters as an absolute constant. So as per the theology, God is, in the highest sense, one, formless, infinite, genderless, beyond Time and space etc. Also, it's notable that the term Ekam in Tamil gives simply the meaning, "one and the incomparable supreme". This is some sort of monistic definition about god from Ayyavazhi theology.

Narrating through mythology, Sivam and Sakthi evolved from Ekam. The Natham(voice), Trimurthi, other lesser gods and all the universe further evolved. Siva is considered to be the supreme power till Kali Yuga. For a series of reasons, Vishnu is considered to be the supreme from the advent of Kali Yuga. Then from the incarnation of Vaikundar, again the powers of all god-heads, including Vishnu is transformed to Vaikundar. Also Ekam, the supreme power take a place within Vaikundar and hence for the present age, Vaikundar is said to be the only worshippable and supreme power. But on the other hand this supreme oneness (Ekam) itself is said to be created by Vaikundar, who is a personified universal power. Regarding this, Ayyavazhi is more monotheistic than a monistic. But no other god-heads, even the Father of Vaikundar, Narayana hasn't gained an equal or greater status than Ekam.

In Ayyavazhi mythology, Kroni was personified as a devil, and was fragmented into six and was finally destroyed by a final judgement which is followed by the god-ruled Dharma Yukam. This narration gives some dualistic dimension to Ayyavazhi theology. But since the teachings of Arul Nool and since the final fragament of Kroni is said as 'Kalimayai' (the evil spirit) it was commonly accepted that the destruction of Maya is symbolised in such a way,[148] which contrast the dualistic view on Ayyavazhi. Apart from all these, there are also separate quotes in Ayyavazhi scriptures which give pantheistic and panentheistic definition to Ayyavazhi theology.

See also: Ayyavazhi Trinity, Ayya Vaikundar, and Ekam

[edit] Rituals

Main article: Ayyavazhi rituals
A 'churul' kept prepared to be offered for Panividai
A 'churul' kept prepared to be offered for Panividai

In addition to the philosophical concepts and mythology, the rituals of Ayyavazhi evolved in their own way. Most of the rituals have both different operational and historical meanings.[149] Historically, the rituals were used or viewed as an attempt break the case based inequalities previled in the then society and to strengthen and uplift the sociologically downtrodden and ill-treated. Examples of this include the physical as well as spiritual cleanliness through Thuvayal Thavasu, eliminating untouchability through Thottunamam, self-respect and courage through headgear,[150] and unifying various castes through Muthirikkinaru.[151] But they reveal on the other hand, high philosophical ideas preached in a ritual language.

The Muthirikkinaru and Thirunamam is treated religiously as if the 'Patham and Namam' of it has the power to heal all sorts of mental[152] as well as physical illness.[150][153] Thuvayal thavasu is suggested to be followed as a training to reach the ultimate aim of Dharma Yukam.[154] The usage of head-gear as the crown to reveal that 'all are kings', visualising some sort of ideology similar to advaita. Also Ayyavazhi scriptures succeeded very much in making understand this commonly unsensible things (Philosophical ideas) to the common mass. The individual rituals and symbols, the unique features of worship, the ecstatic mode of religiosity, and the ritual healing - all these elements of the ritual corpus of Ayyavazhi contributed to the formation of an emancipatory ideation and a social discourse. It attempts to uplift and treat the disenfranchised.

Another important thing to be noted is the alternative phrases religiously used in Ayyavazhi universe different from Hinduism to represent certain practises.

[edit] Inclusiveness and exclusivity

Main article: Inclusiveness and exclusivity in Ayyavazhi
A Painting of the mid twentieth century which shows Pattathu Ayya, Payyan Chella Vadivu.
A Painting of the mid twentieth century which shows Pattathu Ayya, Payyan Chella Vadivu.

This formula of inclusiveness and exclusivity as applied in the religio-cultural universe of Ayyavazhi is unique, since both the theories and mixed-up in Ayyavazhi. The inclusive theory accepts the views of different religions for a certain period of time, and from then onwards exlusively rejects all of them in its narrative.

Ayyavazhi accepts different God-heads of several religions such as the concept of 'Allah' and almost all God-heads in Hinduism.[155] It also says that the one and the same God incarnates in different parts of the world at different time for rescuing the people from sufferings.[155] But due to the advent of Kaliyan and because of the cruel nature of his boons, for the first time the supreme divine power, Ekam incarnates in the world as Vaikundar and so all the God-heads and previous scriptures had lost their substances. So after the time of Vaikunda avatar, Vaikundar was said to be the only worshippable God and hence, the theology of Ayyavazhi was channeled towards exclusivism. Also the manner in which Akilattirattu Ammanai treats the scriptures of different religions is complicated. Akilam says that Vaikundar was the one who incarnates as Jesus and so it accepts Christ,[155] but it did not recognise The Bible. It says that the Bible was created with the intention of man.[156] Likewise, Akilam accepts that the term 'Allah',[155] but it rejects the religion of Islam and its ideas. As a whole it rejects 'creation of religions' mainly for their inequalities and tentions between them.[157] Ayyavazhi accepts various incarnations in Hinduism but rejets the Hindu scriptures. Though it accepts Vedas,[158] later since Kaliyan had bought the Vedas as boon it lost its substance by the advent of Kaliyan.

It also says that he (Kaliyan) had performed several additions and had hidden several contents of them. And hence God incarnated as Vaikundar. So for the present age, Akilattirattu Ammanai is the only 'Book of Perfection'. By this Ayyavazhi rejects all other scriptures and follows only Akilattirattu Ammanai.

[edit] Shamanism

Main article: Shamanism in Ayyavazhi

Shamanism is still in practise in some worship centers.[159] Some believe that through the words of these possessed persons one could be able to know what God tells about him or herself or their activities. As part of shamanic practice, they exhort the people on various matters, practiced divination (Kanakku) to discern the causes of sickness and misfortunes, and 'foretold future happenings'. The Akilattirattu Ammanai seems to have recognizes shamanic acts of worship. A quote in Arul Nool reads, "For imparting knowledge and making things clear, I kept those who practice divination in the temples."[160]

A screen shot showing the Elunetru and Vahana decorated with flowers on the first day of Kodiyettru Thirunal in Swamithoppe Pathi.
A screen shot showing the Elunetru and Vahana decorated with flowers on the first day of Kodiyettru Thirunal in Swamithoppe Pathi.

Though shamanism was practised in Ayyavazhi, it was accepted by the scriptures only as an ignorant way of worship (beginning stage in worship) or the initial way to teach a beginner the metaphysics. But on the other hand, this shamanic actions in the worship centers of Ayyavazhi is quite often criticised by a large number of followers. Commonly it was believed that in 'Ayyavazhi possessions', the possessed person use to sit in the Padmasana posture and simply utter or speak to the audience instead the 'posed' person use to stand and dance, as now in practise. This act of 'standing and dancing' is mainly criticised seriously almost universally by Ayyavazhi followers.

Also, Akilam says about a false deity which was sent to the world by Narayana after Vaikundar attained Vaikundam. It also states that this False deity use to say, "I am Vaikundar, I was the one who married the deities and unified into myself." Also this false deity show many magic practices and also many miracles. Some people use to compare the shamanic actions to that of False deity. They cite several quotes from Ayyavazhi scriptures for their criticism. But with a different point of view the supporters of shamanism give different synonymous outputs for the quotes and strengthen their stands.

There is also a belief that Mudisoodum Perumal is a shaman, within whom Vaikundar was a divine power. Though this even was commonly not accepted, some theologians refers to some quotes in Akilam and Arul Nool to support their claim.

[edit] Mythology

Main article: Ayyavazhi mythology

The mythology of Ayyavazhi narrates that the essence of this vision is an account of a history - a past, a present and a future - meant by weaving together of empirical facts, historical events as well as mythical accounts.[161] It moves around three axiomatic typologies, namely Santror, Kali Yukam and Dharma Yukam, placing their base on the concepts and events of previous yugas which are associated also with Hindu mythology. The basic concepts give a symbolic vision which is at once religious and social.[162]

It is closely linked to that of Hinduism. Akilam talks about the previous yugas and the advent of Kali, shares some events, mythical characters, and concepts with Hinduism, many of whom were engendered in different form. The number of Yugas and Avatars differs in Ayyavazhi from Hinduism. The personification of the entity of Evil, Kali is unique to Ayyavazhi, and not found in Hinduism. Akilam says that the true concepts were destroyed, so that all previous scriptures had lost their substances due to the advent of Kali.[163]

The book also speaks of God incarnating in the world in the Kali Yukam (the present age) in order to destroy the evil spirit, the final and the most serious manifestation of Kroni. God incarnates as Vaikundar, and since Vaikundar lived recently, he was well known in history. So in the second part of the mythology many mythical as well as historical facts were woven together. Most of the events such as Muthirikkinaru,[164] Wearing of Headgear during worship,[165] Thuvayal Thavasu[166] all were noted in history.

AVATARS AND ASURAS THROUGH THE YUGAS
NO YUGA CHAKRA*[121] ASURA AVATAR
1 Neetiya Yuga Bindu Kroni Narayana
2 Chathura Yukam Muladhara Kundomasali Mayon
3 Netu Yukam Swadhisthana Thillai mallalan and Mallosivahanan Thirumal
4 Kretha Yuga Manipura Surapadman and Iraniyan Muruga and Narasimha
5 Tretha Yuga Anahata Ravana Rama
6 Dwapara Yuga Vishuddha Duryodhana Krishna
7 Kali Yuga Ajna Kaliyan Trinity
8 Dharma Yuga Sahasrara none Ayya Vaikundar
* Chakras:- The yugas assumed as chakras above, is one of the philosophical views and is not mentioned directly so in Akilam.

Though there are quotes in Arul Nool to accredit the ten Avatars of Vishnu, it seems that they are not seen in equal status with these incarnations (as in the table). It was considered secondary to the primary avatars which are associated with the destructions of the fragments of Kroni. This view, is not inconsistent with Hinduism as only Narasimha, Rama and Krishna are considered the primary avatars who are still worshipped. The other avatars are considered secondary avatars who are not worshipped.

[edit] The utopian formula

Main article: Dharma Yukam
The door of Swamithoppe Palliyarai with the ten avatars of Vishnu craved on it
The door of Swamithoppe Palliyarai with the ten avatars of Vishnu craved on it

The Ayyavazhi proposes an emancipatory utopia under the banner of Dharma Yukam.[167] The basis of the belief is that Ayya Vaikundar had come to establish and rule over the Dharma Yukam in the place of Kali Yukam by sentencing Kroni to hell by the final judgement to him.[168] The Dharma was taught 'to uplift the poor' and the result of that will be the Dharma Yukam.

Unlike in Hinduism, Ayyavazhi scriptures says about eight Yugas, and the final Dharma Yukam is said to be ruled over by Vaikundar as the everlasting king.[169] There were no signs of circular conception with this eight yugas as in Hinduism.[170] It presents a linear conception of time in Ayyavazhi by narrating Dharma Yukam beyond time and space.[171]The circular conception of time was an essential ingredient of the theories of karma and rebirth. But Ayyavazhi seems to approve this karma and rebirth but place Dharma Yukam after completing or beyond all these. About Dharma Yukam, it was said that, "a reign ruled without the discriminations of caste creed and race". Ayya Vaikundar was said to rule along with the Santror and Seven Virgins as one.[172]

[edit] Phenomenology

Akilam points out its basis as an ideological regeneration of Hinduism in the form of an entirely new religious ideology.[173] But today most of the followers of Ayyavazhi address Vaikundar merely as the incarnation of Vishnu. Likewise most of the Nizhal Thangals were called as Narayana Swami Pathi similar to Hindu, Vaishnavism. Most of the followers also worship Kali and folk deities not included the ideas based in Ayyavazhi scripture.[174]

Some followers of Ayyavazhi include Ayya Vaikundar as part of the ten avatars of Vishnu as Kalki, and some denominations strongly advocate moksha, the personal liberation though it is not stated in Akilam. Some even reject the Ayyavazhi Trinity conception in Ayyavazhi and believe Narayana to be the supreme Universal power.[175] The unique monotheistic belief which is the central theme of Ayyavazhi is completely unknown among most of the followers today.[174] Deviating far away from the strict monotheistic teachings of Akilam, some thangals provides panividais for other lesser gods too.[174]

Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, the present Pattathu Ayya of Swamithope pathi.
Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, the present Pattathu Ayya of Swamithope pathi.

The Ayyavazhi's spread among the common people was mainly due to the practice of Shamanism. The only sign to distinguish the practitioners of Ayyavazhi is they wore Thirunamam (the sign on their forehead).The Nizhal Thangals is identified by the presence of Mirror in the Palliyarai. All the rest are the same as Hinduism, deviating from the original theme of Ayyavazhi. Only the recitations of a handful of scholars educated in the Ayyavazhi scriptures point out the real facts and concepts of Akilam and the philosophical and ideological deviation of Ayyavazhi from Hinduism.[176]All these philosophical, ideological and religious variations in the society of Ayyavazhi makes them hard to be identified as a religion and instead mistook them as an offshoot of Hindu tradition.

[edit] Hinduism and Ayyavazhi — Relation

Main article: Ayyavazhi and Hinduism

The Hindu and Ayyavazhi ideology is closed tied to each other. The place where Ayyavazhi and Hinduism differs was, from the advent of Kali yuga. Akilam says that till Kali Yuga the Vedas and all other Hindu scriptures remain with divinity. Each of the gods in Hinduism also remain with all their powers. But from the beginning of Kali Yuga they and all their virtues collapsed.[177] One because of the fact that Kaliyan bought all the Vedas and the powers of all God-heads as boons from Siva, the then supreme of all Devas.[178] So all Gods and the scriptures have to obey him. Secondly, Kaliyan performed several additions to the true scriptures for his comforts and so it couldn't be identified that, which parts of them are genuine.

So for this time, all true scriptures had gone awry and the god-heads get bounded to Kaliyan and remain unhelpful to the people and save from them from the sufferings. On the other hand, there in Kailash, Siva believing the words of devas, created Kaliyan without discussing to Vishnu, who was one among the Trimurthi and he who had the responsibility to destroy the Kaliyan as per the previous deeds.[179] So Vishnu refuse to took birth in the world to destroy Kaliyan.[180] So Siva and Brahma surrendered all their powers to Vishnu.[181] Till this event, Siva is the supreme power as per Akilam. This is a theological idea similar to Saivism, where Siva is supreme to all. But from now onwards Vishnu was the supreme power. Here the ideology changes similar to that of Vaishnavism. This supremacy of Vishnu remains like this from the beginning of Kali Yuga till the incarnation of Vaikundar. From there it changes further.

Kailash, where the boons were offered to Kaliyan by Siva
Kailash, where the boons were offered to Kaliyan by Siva

During the incarnation, Vishnu himself can't incarnate directly in the world to destroy Kaliyan, since he had bought as boon, the power of Devas including Vishnu's. So Lekhsmi and Vishnu united inside the sea and take the Power of Ekam, the supreme oneness and give birth to a child, Vaikundar.[182]

And from now onwards all the powers was again handled over from Vishnu to Vaikundar inside the sea. And also Siva and Brahma forms a part within Vaikundar along with Vishnu.[183] This ideology about Trimurthi (three are equal in power) is similar to that of Smartism. Vishnu alone forms a double role; One, within Vaikundar and other as the father of Vaikundar, remain inside the sea and regulating Vaikundar.[183] Since Vaikundar is given birth, by assuming the Power of Ekam, Vaikundar is supreme to Vishnu and all other God-heads, though Narayana pays the role of Father to Vaikundar. But on the other hand Vaikundar had to obey the order of Vishnu, since Vaikundar was given birth to do the work of Vishnu, which he coudn't do.

Also as told earlier, since Kaliyan bought all vedas, power of God -heads, etc as boons God cannot incarnate in the world so as the privious times and as per the existing rules and regulations. So a total universal transformation on — the power relation of god-heads, the rules of scriptures, the dharmas etc took place. Meanwhile all old-scriptures, gone awry. So, God incarnated as Vaikundar with a new set of rules and with unique importance. Since the Kaliyan spread in the world as maya, and is most serious to be destroyed, for first time the most supreme, Ekam (similar to Nirguna Brahman) incarnated in the world as Vaikundar. And so, Vaikundar is the only worshippable universal Power[184] and so the scriptures given by him.

Regarding scriptures, the first part of Akilam is summed-up events of the previous yugas which are present in Hindu scriptures.[185] The second part says about the universal transformation and the uniquness of Vaikundar and his incarnational activities.[185]

So as a summary, till the beginning of Kali yuga, what is Hinduism, that is Ayyavazhi. From then onwards for a series of reasons, Akilam says that Hindu scriptures and it's ideology had lost its purity and was destroyed,[186] and so the Dharma was re-configured in the name of Akilam and Vaikundar and so the Hindu ideas was re-formed.

[edit] Ayyavazhi as a religion

Ayyavazhi worship was marked by its simplicity.[187] The prayers, conducted in Tamil, brought home the religious sentiment in a direct and simple manner. The community aspect was another feature that distinguishes Ayyavazhi worship. The absence of idol worship and priestly mediation, and inclusion of alternate type of centres of worship, the Pathis and Nizhal Thangals, were other characterised Ayyavazhi worship. The concepts of Panividai (ritual service) and Panividaiyalar (one who performs Panividai) as alternate forms of ritual service and ritual servant respectively added to the uniqueness of Ayyavazhi worship.[188]

The penetration of Ayyavazhi is high in south Tamil Nadu and southern Kerala. In Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts it's very hard to find a village without a worship centre of Ayyavazhi.[189]

[edit] Autonomous structure

The religious structure evolved in the path of Ayyavazhi scriptures and as a result it transfigured itself as an alternative religio-cultural system in the social category. The Ayyavazhi's addressed their religion as "Path of God" with the phrase "Ayya Vazhi". On one hand they believe that their tradition had come to replace all old traditions (religions), but on the other hand as the synopsis of the whole of world's religious knowledges. On one hand they believe, that Ayya had unified all deities of the world and so all the so called deities within him. But on the other hand as, all previous had gone awry by the advent of Vaikundar.[190]

'The Great Masi Procession' from Nagercoil to Swamithope.
'The Great Masi Procession' from Nagercoil to Swamithope.

Though the ritual practices of Ayyavazhi seems as a reform or revolutionary activity highly focusing social-equality deviating from Hinduism, it was also characterised and bound by religious beliefs which give it an alternative spiritual meaning.[191] Both synonyms for the rituals highlights the singularity of Ayyavazhi on social and religious grounds respectively. The Ayyavazhi scriptures covers almost all basic elements and ideas through-out Hinduism. It refers to Shastras, Agamas, Vedas and Puranas.[192] It too refers to Jesus and the Islamic concept of 'Allah'.[193] But address them all to be gone awry by the Advent of Vaikundar,[190] from where Ayyavazhi scriptures forms negative ideas over all other traditions. Though Ayyavazhi shares many god-heads with Hinduism, it weaves unique ideology and power assumption for them. Apart from this, Ayyavazhi have separate theology, mythology, holy places, worship centres, and ethics of its own.

Akilam also pour hatred on religion based variations and points it as the foremost Kali mayai (evil of Kali), mainly for the partition of mankind which leads to social enmity. So on this degree it highly condemns exclusivistic religious and theological ideas. The scriptures also teaches that God and his activities are beyond the reach of religions. It also preaches about universal oneness.[2]

[edit] Controversies

Though many of its followers consider it as a separate religion, there is evidence that some of the followers are even of the opinion that this is but a Hindu sect rather than an autonomous religion.[194] They indulge in the mystic practices of possessions and divinations similar to the tribal religions of Tamil Nadu. Apart from the listings from the religious head quarters, though it is evident that Ayyavazhi followers are spread across the South India(from University papers)[195] there are no official figures for the number of followers of Ayyavazhi and the followers are considered Hindus in the census. Ayyavazhis assert that many core beliefs are similar to some Hindu sects such as Advaita and Smartism.

[edit] See also

Portal:Ayyavazhi

Ayyavazhi

Ayyavazhi Prayers

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[edit] External links


[edit] References

  1. ^ The 'zhi' (ழி) portion of the word, 'Ayyavazhi', is a retroflex, and it is correctly transliterated according to the National Library at Calcutta romanization as ayyavali.
  2. ^ a b c Arisundara Mani's Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai Chapter 1, Page 4.
  3. ^ a b Tha. Krishna Nathan's, Ayyaa vaikuNdarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum,(Tamil), Chapter - 4, page 62: "அவர் (வைகுண்டர்) மாற்றுப் பிறப்பு பெற்ற நாளே அய்யாவழி சமய மரபு தோற்றம் பெற்ற நாள்(கி.பி.1833) எனக் கூறலாம்." (The day at which Vaikundar is given rebirth could be considered as the date of origin of 'Ayyavazhi religion'.)
  4. ^ N.Vivekanandan (2003), Akilathirattu Ammanai moolamum Uraiyum, Vivekananda Publications, Volume 2, Page - 97.
  5. ^ a b Daily Thanthi,(4/3/2006) Nagercoil Edition, Page 17:"இது குறித்து 'அய்யாவழி சமயத்' தலைவர் பால.பிரஜாபதி அடிகளார் (suggesting Bala Prajapathi Adikalar as the head of 'Ayyavazhi religion') வெளியிட்டுள்ள அறிக்கையில் கூறியிருப்பதாவது..."
  6. ^ a b Thamil Murasu,(4/3/2006) Nagercoil Edition, Page 3:"இதையொட்டி குமரி மாவட்டம் சாமி தோப்பில் 'அய்யா வழி சமய' மாநாடு (the conference of 'Ayyavazhi religion') உள்பட..."
  7. ^ Census India. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
  8. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Ram Publishers, Page 98.
  9. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 120,121. "This fact had been recognised by the followers of AV. They addressed their religion with a new nomenclature as "Ayya Vali" (The path or way of Ayya) and thereby confirmed its new identity."
  10. ^ The Daily Thanthi, Nagercoil Edition, 25-4-2007, Page 16: 'Calls Prajapathi Adikalar as the religious head of Ayyavazhi' .
  11. ^ Daily Thanthi,(Leading Tamil Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 4, "...அய்யாவழி பக்தர்கள் தாங்கள் கொண்டு வந்த ஜோதியை அய்யாவழி சமய தலைவர் பால பிரஜாபதி அடிகளாரிடம் வழங்கி ..." (This report calles Ayyavazhi as 'அய்யாவழி சமயம்' separate religion.
  12. ^ Malai Malar(leading evening Tamil daily), Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 5, "சுவாமி ஊர்வலத்தை அய்யாவழி பக்தர்கள் சமய தலைவர் பால பிரஜாபதி அடிகளார்..." (this report too calls Ayyavazhi as ('அய்யாவழி சமயம்') a separate religion"
  13. ^ Dinakaran(Tamil Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 1-3-2007, Page 3: "அய்யாவழி சமய தலைவர் பால பிரஜாபதி அடிகளார் அடிக்கல் நாட்டினார்"("Bala Prajapathi Adikalar the head of Ayyavazhi religion laid foundation stone for the....")
  14. ^ Daily Thanthi, Nagercoil Edition, 2/3/2007, Page 5. "மாநாட்டுக்கு அய்யாவழி சமய தலைவர் பால பிரஜாபதி அடிகளார் தலைமை தாங்குகிறார்." Translation - ("The religious conference is lead by Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, the head of Ayyavazhi religion.") (This news from a leading news paper in India, on reporting the 175-th Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, calls Ayyavazhi as a religion and Bala Prajapathi Adikalar as the head of Ayyavazhi religion.
  15. ^ www.tamilstar.com, Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi (Preview about the Film 'Ayyavazhi'), 5-17-2007, "They follow a religion based on his principles, which is called Ayyavazhi."
  16. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 120,121. "it may be concluded that, it may be concluded that AV emerged as a 'new and singular' religious phenomenon in that context"
  17. ^ V.T. Chellam's Thamizhaka Varalarum Panpadum Chapter 12, Page 493 Heading "Vaikunda Samikal (1810 - 1851) " Line 11: "அய்யா வழி சமயம் உதயமாகியது", (Ayyavazhi religion gets originated).
  18. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 91 "By the middle of nineteenth century, AV had come to be a recognisable religious phenomenon, making its presence felt in South Tiruvitankur and in the southern parts of Tirunelveli."
  19. ^ Samuel Mateer, The Land of Charity, [1] page 222 - 223, "this singular people display considerable zeal in the defence and propagation"
  20. ^ www.christian-bible.com (Notes). Note number 43: "In 1986 Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Ayya Vazhi leaders joined in a common statement of belief. See "Kanyakumari Declaration: On Inter-Religious Social Action towards Justice and Peace" stating Ayyavazhi as separate religion outside Hinduism.. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
  21. ^ Dina Malar(Leading Tamil News paper), Nagercoil Edition, 4/3/2005 Page 12: "எனவே இன்று அய்யா வைகுண்டசாமி வழிபாட்டு ஆலயங்கள் இந்தியா முழுவதும் வேராயிரம் பெற்ற விழுதுகளாய் படந்து ஆறாயிரத்துக்கு மேல் தோன்றி வளர்ந்து வருகிறது" Translated to -->"So today these worship centers of Vaikunda Sami is spread across India and growing with more than 6000 of them"
  22. ^ Dr. C. Poulose, Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal, (Doctoral thesis in Sree Sankaracaharaya University of Sanskrit, Kalady.) Page 24, "To propagate his teachings and ideas he opened upon 7 Pathis and 7 Tangs (The Primary Nizhal Thangals) in Travancore, hundreds of small pagodas (Nizhal Thangals) through out India." Accrediting the Worship centers of Ayyavazhi across India and so the Ayyavazhi followers.
  23. ^ Pulavar. R.Shanmugam's, Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avatharam, Nadar Kulatheebam Publications, Page 192, "நாடெங்கும் உள்ள நிழல் தாங்கல்களுக்கெல்லாம் தலைமைப் பதி, குமரி மாவட்டதில் முன்கூறிய சாமிதோப்பு என்ற ஊரில் இருக்கிறது." "(The head quarters of all these Nizhal Thangals which are found across the country, is at the place called Swamithoppe as told earlier.)"
  24. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India, (Doctoral thesis in University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.) 2000, Page 100, "At present thousands of Pathis (Nizhal Thangals) are seen throughout South India."
  25. ^ Malai Malar(Tamil Evening Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 5: "Several thousands of Ayyavazhi devotees from the districts of Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Theni, and Kanyakumari participated in the procession (The Great Masi Procession')."
  26. ^ Dina Thanthi, (Tamil Daily) Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 23: "The Ayyavazhi followers are highly populated in the districts of Chennai, Virudunagar, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Kanyakumari."
  27. ^ Dina Malar(Tamil Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 14: "Several thousands of Ayyavazhi followers from the districts of Chennai, Virudunagar, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Theni, and Kanyakumari are participating in the procession (The Great Masi Procession')."
  28. ^ Dina Malar(Tamil Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 5-3-2007, Page 14: "Lakhs of Ayyavazhi devotees from the districts of Virudunagar, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Theni, and Kanyakumari Participated in the procession (The Great Masi Procession')."
  29. ^ Malai Malar(Tamil Evening Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2007, Page 5: "Several thousands of Ayyavazhi devotees from the districts of Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Theni, and Kanyakumari participated in the procession (The Great Masi Procession')."
  30. ^ V.T. Chellam's, Thamizhaka Varalarum Panpadum Chapter 12, Page 494 "The refined religious system by Vaikunda Samikal spread in the Southern districts of Thiruvithancore and Tamil Nadu."
  31. ^ Dina Thanthi(Tamil Daily), Nagercoil Edition, 5-3-2006, Page 13: "Several thousands of Ayyavazhi devotees from the state of Kerala and from the districts of Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Theni, and Kanyakumari participated in the procession (The Great Masi Procession')."
  32. ^ Dina Thanthi, Tirunelveli edition, 5-3-2007, Page 3, "ஊர்வலத்தில் தமிழகம் மட்டுமல்லாமல் கேரளாவிலிருந்தும் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான பக்தர்கள் கலந்துகொண்டனர்."(Translated: Thousands of devotees, not only from Tamil Nadu but also from Kerala participated in the procession.)
  33. ^ Tha. Krishna Nathan's, Ayyaa vaikuNdarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum (Tamil), Chapter - 4, page 83: "இதற்கு ஆதாரமாக அய்யா வைகுண்டரைத் தெய்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட சுமார் 8000 - க்கும் மேற்பட்ட அய்யாவழிப் பதிகள் தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப்பகுதிகளில் இயங்குவதைக் கூறலாம்." (This citation was included here from Tamil wikipedia article)
  34. ^ Dina Thanthi, Tirunelveli(Page 16) and Nagercoil (Page 18) editions, 5-6-2007, "இத்தேரோட்டத்தை காண குமரி, நெல்லை, தூத்துக்குடி, மதுரை, தேனி, சென்னை உள்பட பல்வேறு மாவட்டங்களிலிருந்தும், கேரள மாநிலத்திலிருந்தும் பல்லாயிரக்கணக்கான அய்யாவழி பக்தர்கள் வந்திருந்தனர்." - Translated: "Several thousands of devotees, from the districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Thoothukkudi, Madurai, Theni, Chennai and also from Kerala came to witness the Car festival".(This is an extract from the newspaper reporting the Car festival in Swamithope.)
  35. ^ Dina Mani, Tirunelveli edition, 5-6-2007, Page 14, "இத் திருவிழாவில் பங்கேற்க கன்னியாகுமரி, திருநெல்வெலி, தூத்துக்குடி, மதுரை, தேனி, சென்னை மற்றும் கேரளம் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு பகுதிகளில் இருந்தும் வந்திருந்த அய்யாவின் அன்புக்கொடி மக்கள் தேரை வடம்பிடித்து இழுத்தனர்." - Translated: " Devotees from the districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Thoothukkudi, Madurai, Theni, Chennai and also from Kerala who came to witness the Car festival pulled the Holy-Car-rope".(This is an extract from the newspaper reporting the Car festival in Swamithope.)
  36. ^ www.cinesouth.com, Kodambakkam spewing out spiritual stories, 9-6-2007, "...is being followed by about 7 lakhs of devoted followers even today."
  37. ^ www.cinesouth.com, The miracle that happened in 'Iyyavazhi', 12-7-2007, "...and there are many temples for him and about 8 lakh of devotees..."
  38. ^ www.tamilbird.com Title:'அய்யாவழி' யில் நடந்த அதிசயம் (Translated:Miracle in 'Ayyavazhi' ), Line:5, "...8 லட்சம் பக்தர்களும் இருக்கின்றனர்..."
  39. ^ Dinakaran, Nagercoil edition, Page 15, 25/2/2007.
  40. ^ Dina Thanthi, Nagercoil edition, Page 12, 9/5/2007.
  41. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Ram Publishers, 2000, Page 64, Chapter 4 "AYYA VAZHI - A NEW HINDU SECT"
  42. ^ Madurai News Letter, Thozhamai Illam, Kanyakumari, Page 9. This site (News letter) tells about a discussion in swamithoppe, and Ayyavazhi as an important sect of Hinduism See this Pdf "Fr. Maria Jeyaraj arranged an inter-faith dialogue at Samithoppu, Kanyakumari, on Akila Thirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool, the scriptures of Ayya Vazhi, an important sect of Hinduism. The present head of Ayya Vazhi, Sri Bala Prajapathi Adigalar, guided the meeting."
  43. ^ See the LMS Reports gathered in the article Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries from the book Religion and Subaltern Agency.
  44. ^ Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Page 63, "The religious reform of Sri Vaikunda Swamigal left an everlasting influence on South Travancorean society."
  45. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, Page 90-91.
  46. ^ Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Page 86.
  47. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, The Religious Phenomenon of Ayya Vali, Page 111-113,
  48. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Ram Publishers, Page 98.
  49. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, The Social Discourse of Ayyavali, Page:160-161.
  50. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, A Sequential Narration Of The Salient Episodes From The Mythography of Ayya Vali, Page 220
  51. ^ R.Shanmugam's, Narayana Kulatthil Narayanar Avataram, Page:188
  52. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Ram Publishers, 2000, Page 68, Sub heading: "Reverence as Ayya"
  53. ^ Akilathirattu ammanai Arappadanool, First Stage, page 27, published by Vaikundar Seva Sangam
  54. ^ Thechanathu Thuvaraga pathi's, Akilathirattu Akakkorvai, page 64-65
  55. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 114 " Other verses from Akilattirattu Ammanai like, 'cast away the eighteen castes and the demons into the mountain and the sea', 'do not discriminate between the powerful and powerless', 'the caste would disappear by itself', etc., point to a clear and specific rejection of the inequalities of castes."
  56. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 103
  57. ^ The UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, Madanjeet Singh's, The Sasia Story ISBN 92-3-103992-X, Page:18
  58. ^ R.Shanmugam (2000), Nadar kulathil Narayanar Avatharam, Ayyavazhi, Page 190-191.
  59. ^ www.poongaa.com, Title: அய்யாவழி மதத்தின் வரலாறு(Translated:History of Ayyavazhi religion), Sub-heading: அய்யா வழிமுறை, " "மனிதன் ஒவ்வொருவருக்குள்ளும் தெய்வம் இருக்கிறது" என்ற உயரிய கோட்பாட்டை கண்ணாடி முன் நின்று வணங்கும் ஒவ்வொருவரும் தனக்குள்ளே காண" (Translated: " 'God is within every human beings.' The way of worshipping in front of mirror is introduced to reveal this truth.") 8 - 9 - 2007.
  60. ^ A.Manibharathi, (1997) Akilathirattu Vilakka urai, Part - 1, 222-223 .
  61. ^ Akilam10:664 (Thiruvasakam - 2) .
  62. ^ Akilam10: (Thiruvasakam - 2) Source text: Akilathirattu Ammanai published by P. Thangaiyah Nadar, Page - 225 .
  63. ^ It is the story of God coming to transform the world into tarmayukam and rule over it - Akilam one - 1:108,109
  64. ^ G.Patrck's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 118 "Even now charity on food is one of the primary activities conducted in these centers."
  65. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu(2002), Ayya Vaikundar Ore Avatharam, Ram Publishers, Page 128-129
  66. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 114 " Other verse from Akilattirattu like, 'cast away the eighteen castes and the demons into the mountain and the sea', 'do not discriminate between the powerful and powerless', 'the caste would disappear by itself', etc., point to the fact of a considerable indoctrination against the inequalities of Castes."
  67. ^ Cf. Ward & Conner, Geographical and Statistical Memoir, page 133; V. Nagam Aiya, The Travancore State Manual, Volume-2, Madras:AES, 1989 (1906), page 72.
  68. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, Page 24.
  69. ^ Cf. A. Sreedhara Menon's, A Survey of Kerala History, page 277.
  70. ^ Cf. Ponneelan's, Vaikunta Cuvamiyum Avar Kalamum, Mimeograph note, page 6.
  71. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai, published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 214, 266
  72. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai, published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 119, 120 and 121.
  73. ^ The Hindu (The Sree Narayana effect). Credit to reformers: "The first of the social revolutionaries was Vaikunta Swami (1809-1851).". Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  74. ^ The Hindu (`Communalism an important factor in politics'). Great reformers. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  75. ^ Towards Modern Kerala, 10th Standard Text Book, Chapter 9, Page 101. See this Pdf:www.education.kerala.gov.in
  76. ^ www.bdu.ac.in (SOCIAL REFORMERS OF MODERN INDIA). Unit IV. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  77. ^ From the Social history of Nadars here in www.nadar.org
  78. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 115
  79. ^ www.youthcurry.blogspot.com Caste vs Class (POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CASTE IN INDIA). ' "Ayya’s Movement was responsible for a few important movements in subsequent years. They were the thol seelai agitation, the temple entry agitation and the movements started by Narayana Guru as well as Ayyankazhi, to name a few." '. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  80. ^ A.Ari Sundara Mani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Page 384
  81. ^ N.Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?, Vivekananda Pathippakam, Page 12
  82. ^ A.Ari Sundara Mani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Page 103-121
  83. ^ N.Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Vivekananda Pathippakam, Page 97
  84. ^ Tha. Krishnanathan, (2000), Ayya Vaikundarin vazvum Sinthanaiyum, page 60-61.
  85. ^ N.Vivekanandan, Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?, Vivekananda Pathippakam, Page 14
  86. ^ a b Ari Sundara Mani, Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayan Urai, Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumba Pathippakam, Page 534
  87. ^ P.Sundaram Swamigal & K. Ponnumani (2000), Ucchippadippu, Ayyavaikunta Nather Sidhasramam, page 32-33.
  88. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, page 139.
  89. ^ a b c G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 90
  90. ^ http://thatstamil.oneindia.in, 'அய்யாவழி' சுஜிபாலா (English:'Ayyavazhi' Sujibala), "...தனிப் பிரிவாக செயல்படத் தொடங்கினர். தங்களது மார்க்கத்திற்கு அய்யா வழி என்றும் பெயரிட்டுக் கொண்டனர்." (Traslated -> ...they functioned autonomously. They named their pathway as 'Ayyavazhi'.)
  91. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 91 "How ever, people from other 'casts' too formed part of the gathering"
  92. ^ G.Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency published by Department of Christian Studies, University of Madras, Chapter 5, page 91: "By the middle of nineteenth century, AV (abbreviation of Ayyavazhi) had come to be a recognisable religious phenomenon, making its presence felt in South Tiruvitankur (Travancore) and in the southern parts of Tirunelveli. From the LMS reports, one gathers the information that AV was spreading with certain 'extraordinary' speed."
  93. ^ LMS Report for the year 1872, page 107.
  94. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 120 "Vaikunda cami seems to have chosen these disciples to be his close associates and to propagate his teachings and ideas to the people"
  95. ^ N. Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 Ayya this is a reVaikuntar - The Light of the World Chapter 4, Page 21 "The temple is managed by the Gurus of Lord Vaikuntar's gurukulam. The Gurus are the descendants of Guru Podukutti."
  96. ^ N. Elango & Vijaya Shanathi Elango 1997, Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of The World Chapter 8, Page - 41 to 44 (sources).
  97. ^ V.T. Chellam's, Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum(The History and Culture of Tamil Nadu), Chapter 12, Page - 493
  98. ^ N. Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of the World Chapter 4, Page 21-22 "The Gurus are Payyan Chella Raj, Bala Prajapathi, Bala Janathipathi, Balalokathipathi, Payyan Sami, Thangapandian and Sekar to name a few. Bala Prajapathi is the most popular personality of all of them."
  99. ^ There is no records for the exact number of worship centres. N. Elango & Vijaya Shanathi Elango 1997, Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of The World Chapter 4, Page - 22, "He has laid foundation stones for more than one thousand nizhal thangals."
  100. ^ See the report on the news paper The Hindu- The report on declaration
  101. ^ The Daily Thanthi report on declaration of Holiday from Tamil wikipedia article. The Daily Thanthi, Nagercoil Edition, 4-3-2006, page 17.
  102. ^ Report on declaration of the holiday Dina Malar. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  103. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu, Vaikunda Swamigal Ore Avataram, 2002, Ram Publishers, Page 59.
  104. ^ www.worldcatlibraries.org, Akilam : vacan̲a kāviyam, Publisher: K Patchaimal, Cāmitōppu, Kumari Māvaṭṭam : s.n., 1971.
  105. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 118-119 "The author claims that God woke him up during sleep and commissioned him to write it by 'telling' him what to write"
  106. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 119 "It is presented as if Vishnu is narrating the whole story to his consort Leksmi"
  107. ^ a b G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 119-120
  108. ^ a b Dr. C. Poulose(2002), Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal, (Doctoral thesis in Sree Sankaracaharaya University of Sanskrit, Kalady.) Page 24.
  109. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 117 " Five such patikal are believed to have emerged during the time of Vaikuntacami. "
  110. ^ N. Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango 1997 Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of the World Chapter 8, Page 41 " The first Pathi is Swamithoppu itself. It is the head quarters of Ayyavazhi. "
  111. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 117 " However, there is also another list which includes Vakaipati where tuvaiyal tavacu took place "
  112. ^ N. Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango, Ayya Vaikuntar the light of the world, Chapter 8, Page 41 (Panchappathi)
  113. ^ C.Umai Thaanu & P. Kasi Udhayam, Bhahavan Vaikunda Swamikal Punitha Varalaru, Page 77.
  114. ^ P. Sundaram Swamigal & K. Ponnu Mani, Ayya Vaikunta Nathar Jeevacharithram (Biography of Ayya Vaikunta Nathar), Page 82.
  115. ^ www.nairs.org - "Marutwamala - Heritage Site Threatened" This article, refers to the presence of Vaikunda Pathi in Marunthuvazh Malai.
  116. ^ a b c Tha. Krushnanathan's Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum, Thinai veliyeetagam, Page 108.
  117. ^ Akilam15:39 "Petti ceelai Uduthu Periya Thirunama Pottumittu"
  118. ^ Sivakanda Athikara Pathiram, First Act. (source: N.Vivekanandan's Arul Nool - Moolamum Uraiyum, page 62
  119. ^ There is no written references to this but there is a painting at the residence of Bala Prajapathi Adikalar which was considered older not less than 50 years. There are also oral traditions which suggests the same age for this symbolism.
  120. ^ See this ImageImage:Nelli Nintra Vilai Thangal.png, a Nizhal Thangal constructed in such a way of architecture near Marthandam, Tamil Nadu.
  121. ^ a b c A. Arisundara Mani's Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai (Additional) Page XII-XIII " Athara thana vilakka attavanai " .
  122. ^ A. Arisundara Mani's, (2002), Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam, page 374.
  123. ^ www.kheper.net Sahasrara Chakra. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  124. ^ a b c d G.Patrick (2003), Religion and Subaltern Agency, University Of Madras, Page 116-117
  125. ^ http://entertainment.oneindia.in, Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi (Preview about the Film 'Ayyavazhi'), 5-17-2007, "Now there are thousands of temples erected in honour of Vaigundaswamy. He has lakhs of followers in the South Tamilnadu."
  126. ^ www.tamilstar.com, Sujibala without a blouse in Ayyavazhi (Preview about the Film 'Ayyavazhi'), 5-17-2007, "Now there are thousands of temples erected in honour of Vaigundaswamy."
  127. ^ Dr. C. Poulose, Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal, (Doctoral thesis in Sree Sankaracaharaya University of Sanskrit, Kalady.) Page 24, "To propagate his teachings and ideas he opened upon 7 Pathis and 7 Tangs (The Primary Nizhal Thangals) in Travancore, hundreds of small pagodas (Nizhal Thangals) through out India." Accrediting the Worship centers of Ayyavazhi across India and so the Ayyavazhi followers.
  128. ^ Pulavar. R.Shanmugam's, Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avatharam, Nadar Kulatheebam Publications, Page 192, "நாடெங்கும் உள்ள நிழல் தாங்கல்களுக்கெல்லாம் தலைமைப் பதி, குமரி மாவட்டதில் முன்கூறிய சாமிதோப்பு என்ற ஊரில் இருக்கிறது." "(The head quarters of all these Nizhal Thangals which are found across the country, is at the place called Swamithoppe as told earlier.)"
  129. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu(2002), Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Ram Publishers, Page 100.
  130. ^ Tha. Krishna Nathan's, Ayyaa vaikuNdarin vaazvum sinthanaiyum (Tamil), Chapter - 4, page 83: "இதற்கு ஆதாரமாக அய்யா வைகுண்டரைத் தெய்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்ட சுமார் 8000 - க்கும் மேற்பட்ட அய்யாவழிப் பதிகள் தமிழ்நாடு மற்றும் கேரளப்பகுதிகளில் இயங்குவதைக் கூறலாம்." (This citation was included here from Tamil wikipedia article)
  131. ^ N.Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango, (1997) Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of the World, page 41-44
  132. ^ R.Ponnu, Vaikundacuvamikal Valvum Valikattalum, page 71.
  133. ^ P.Sarvesvaran, Sri Vaikunda Swamikal - A Forgotten Social Reformer, Page 8.
  134. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency Chapter 5, Page - 118. Vaikuntacami is said to have established seven of these nilaltankalkal at Chettykudiyirrupu, Agastisvaram, Palur, Chundavilai, Vadalivilai, Kadampankulam and Pampankulam.
  135. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency Chapter 5, Page - 118. Even now charity is one of the main activities conducted in these centres.
  136. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, The Religious Phenomenon of Ayyavazhi, Page:120-121.
  137. ^ P.Sundaram Swamigal & K. Ponnu Mani, Ayya Vaikunta Nathar Jeevacharithram (Biography of Ayya Vaikunta Nathar), Page 20-21
  138. ^ N.Vivekanandan (2003), Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Vivekananda Pathippakam, Page 190-191.
  139. ^ Arisundara Mani's, Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Preface, page(additional):v
  140. ^ a b T.Krushnanathan(2000), Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum, Thinai Veliyeettagam, page 112.
  141. ^ G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern agency, University of Madras, Chapter 5, Page 120
  142. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, page 151 "Canror (Santror)is a name that stands for a people who are the subject of the religious vision of AV (Ayyavazhi)
  143. ^ a b c G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, page 151-152
  144. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, page 151 "Today, most of the theologians of AV emphasis more on the religious dimension of this category than the social."
  145. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Socil Equality in South India, 2000, page 23, line 5.
  146. ^ As noted in the site nadar.kuttyjapan.com Views based on the extracts of early historians including Herodotus.
  147. ^ V.T. Chellam's Thamizaka Varalarum Panpadum, Chapter 12, Page - 493
  148. ^ Arisundara Mani's, Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Chapter 1, Page -36, "Kroni is nothing but a subtle revelation of spiritual ignorance."
  149. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, Page 19
  150. ^ a b T.Krishnanathan(2000), Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum, Thinai Veliyeettagam, Page 93-96.
  151. ^ Akilathirattu Page 252: "the eighteen castes gathered in one place and bathed from the same well."
  152. ^ N.Amalan(2000), Ayya Vaikundar Punitha Varalaru, Akilam Publications, 86-87: "முத்திரிபுகளை (மும்மலம்) போக்க முத்திரிக்கிணற்றில் பதம் விட்டுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்".
  153. ^ The LMS Report for the year 1847, page 88-89: "They take no medicine; but rub ashes on the forehead and drink cold water as the cure for all their diseases."
  154. ^ A.Ari Sundaramani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammani Parayana Urai, Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Publications, page 485.
  155. ^ a b c d Tha. Krishnanathan(2000), Ayya Vaikundarin Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum, Page 61-65.
  156. ^ "He created a Veda (scripture) of his own intention". - Akilam5:571
  157. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Socil Equality in South India, 2000, page 114 -116.
  158. ^ Akilam 12:151 - "Poorana Vetha Purana mun akamangkal"
  159. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, page 93 "the followers or 'the disciples' of Ayyavazhi too had practised shamanism in different centres of AV."
  160. ^ On other Point Of View this quote refers to "those who teaches the core ideas of Ayyavazhi scriptures."
  161. ^ G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern agency Chapter 6, Page 151, "A reading of the mythography of AV makes explicit the fact that the essence of this vision is an account of a history - a past, a present, and a future - constructed by weaving together of empirical facts as well as mythical accounts."
  162. ^ G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern agency Chapter 6, Page 151, "It is fitting to analyse and see how these basic concepts have been woven together to give a symbolic vision which is at once religious and social. "
  163. ^ Akilam8:Thiru Nadana Ula -6th&11th Venpaas (a species of verse).
  164. ^ Samuel Zecharia (1826-1906), one of the prominent pastors of the London Mission Society, testifies to the existence of this well in his book titled The London Missionary Society in South Travancore 1805-1855, Nagercoil: LMS Press, 1897, Page-201.
  165. '^ Cf. M.S.S. Pandiyan's Meanings of 'Colonialism and 'Nationalism Page 180.
  166. ^ LMS Report for the year 1838, Page 71 says "About 70 families of this sect, having subsequently established a community of goods, removed under the guidance of a man of some influence to a part of the seashore of Tinnevelly, where they erected huts, performed frequent ablutions, and often assembled to hear the dreams and vision of their leader and to witness the miracles he was said to perform."
  167. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, Page - 159 says, "AV, having emerged in a context of distress, proposes an emancipatory utopia under the banner of tarmayukam."
  168. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, Page - 159 says, "The core of the proposal was that Vaikuntacami had come to establish and rule over a tarmayukam in the place of the kaliyukam."
  169. ^ . Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page - 109 says, "Akilattirattu begins its narration by stating that the account contained in it is the story of God coming into this kaliyukam to transform it into tarmayukam and to rule over it."
  170. ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, Page - 161 "This is in contrast to the circular conception of time that eternally with Vaikuntacami ruling over it as the everlasting king."
  171. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 6, Page - 161 , "Yet another point to be taken note of in the symbolic vision of AV is its conception of time. AV gives a list of seven aeons, and, at the end of it, postulates a tarmayukam that is to exist
  172. ^ Akilam17:1161,
  173. ^ Akilam8:Thiruvasakam - 1 (As per Akilam this Thiruvasakam is written down by Sarasvathi because the previous religious ideas and scripture were destroyed by Kaliyan.)
  174. ^ a b c Vaikundar Seva Sangham's, (An organisation) (2002), Ayya Vaikundar 170th Avathar-Special Edition, The activities of Nizhal Thangals, Page 2-4.
  175. ^ Arisundara Mani's Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayana Urai, Chapter 1, Page 1, Line 1-2, "Sreehari who is known as Athi Narayana is praised as Ayya."
  176. ^ Samithopu Ayya Vaikunda Suvami 172-vathu avathara thina vizha, Thina Malar vazangkum Avathara Thina vizha Sirappu Malar, Page 3, " ...but it is questionable that how many people know that. Every one who came to know newly about Ayya wonders and... " Bala Prajapathi Adikalar writes about Vaikundar.
  177. ^ G.Patrick(2003), Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, Page 214
  178. ^ T.Kirushnanathan(2000), Ayya Vaikundarin Vazvum Sinthanaiyum, Thinai Publications, Page 63.
  179. ^ T.Krushnanathan(2000), Ayya Vaikundar Vazhvum Sinthanaiyum, Page 106
  180. ^ N.Vivekanandan's(2003), Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Part 1, Page 315
  181. ^ N.Vivekanandan's(2003), Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Part 1, Page 321
  182. ^ A. Arisundara Mani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai, Page 270-271
  183. ^ a b A. Arisundara Mani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai, Page 288-289
  184. ^ A. Arisundara Mani(2002), Akilathirattu Ammani Parayan Urai, Page 290-291
  185. ^ a b G.Patrick(2003), Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, Page 119
  186. ^ N.Vivekanandan's(2003), Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum, Part 1, Page 427
  187. ^ Simplification of Religion. The simplification of the way of worship. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  188. ^ G. Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter - 5, Page 106
  189. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for social Equality in South India, Page 100.
  190. ^ a b G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, The Religious Phenomenon of Ayya Vali, "Ayya Vali - A New and Singular Religious Phenomenon" , Page 120.
  191. ^ G.Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, The Religious Phenomenon of Ayya Vali, "Rituals" , Page 98.
  192. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 180.
  193. ^ Akilattirattu Ammanai published by T. Palaramachandran Nadar, 9th impression, 1989, Page 280 -281.
  194. ^ See http://www.vaikunt.org/AyyaVaikuntar/index.htm
  195. ^ Dr. R.Ponnu's, Sri Vaikunda Swamigal and the Struggle for Social Equality in South India, Madurai Kamaraj University, 2000, Page 100.
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